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Cutter Genuine
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Oh, how beautiful this Waterford is that sits in your cabinet to be adorned and admired by all who visit your home, when you entertain your guests at the dinner table and speak of how the sun reflects the shimmering light and colors of the rainbow through the tall goblets while drinking your chardonnay, or a story of how this magnificent piece of crystal was mouth blown and hand carved by master craftsmen of Waterford Crystal Ireland. But how do you really know for sure, if your Waterford Crystal is authentic or fake?
Well, there are some ways to check if your Waterford is the real thing and the following will outline and help you with some of the basic tests that can be performed by the average person with an untrained eye, depending on whether its a single piece or a complete set of crystal.
Finding out first of all where the crystal was purchased is probably the obvious place to begin. Was it a reputable store? Did you receive a certificate of authenticity? Was the piece signed by the Waterford craftsman? Did it have the acid-etched watermark stamped on the base? Did it have the Seahorse label? Does it ring when you circle your moist finger around the top of the rim? Maybe so.
Some of these questions will have a certain significance to determine the outcome of whether your Waterford Crystal is the real McCoy or not, but?
Did you know that Waterford Crystal Ireland, with the help of the FBI, investigated several manufacturing plants in the United States that were producing pirated copies, of the famous renowned Waterford brand and that these companies produced a whole line of the crystal giftware, including all the popular patterns, not just the same designs but with the watermark stamp, the seahorse label and even the certificate of authenticity.
Having worked with Waterford Ireland and Lenox Crystal USA for over 26 years as a Master Crystal Cutter/Engraver, I have to report coming across thousands of these so-called Waterford Crystal fakes. Yes, they were purchased in reputable stores and also had the acid-etched watermark, had the seahorse label too, but I can assure you that they were not authentic and not produced in Waterford Crystal Ireland. So, I just want you to know first hand that you have every right to be concerned, if your Waterford Crystal is authentic or fake.
You can contact James Connolly, Waterford Crystal Appraiser at his website http://waterfordcrystalappraisal.info/ He is offering the following unique services. Waterford Crystal Authentication/Identification. Waterford Crystal Appraisals. (Insurance Quotes). Restoration and Repair Services. A Special Report on How To Spot a Waterford Crystal Fake
Suicide and Self-Harm
Suicide and Self-Harm
Introduction and definitions:
Suicide is a form of deliberate self harm (nowadays the term self harm has replaced DSH, parasuicide, attempted suicide. In this lecture the term DSH will still be used) which end up with the individual being expired.
There are no figures here to indicate the percentage of suicide as a cause of death. On average suicide is taken on average as 1% as a death cause, however this is oversimplification and the figure will change from one country to the next, depending on many factors.
DSH ends without death and is far much more common than suicide. In the next section a comparison a between suicide (i.e. ends with death) and DSH (i.e. ends with no death) will be given in the two boxes below:
Suicide
- Older (age>40years)
- Male
- Violent method
- Planned
- 90% mentally ill
Deliberate Self Harm (DSH)
- Young
- Female
- Overdose
- Impulsive
- Mental illness rare
Aetiology:
Mental illness is by far the most important cause of suicide, present in 90% of cases. In 70%of suicide the mental illness is depressive disorder. It is important to be aware that the early stage of recovery from depression is a vulnerable time (this can be used as a rule for almost all severe mental illnesses especially after hospitalization), as energy and motivation may return before the mood lifts, so that the patient is more able to act on continuing suicidal ideas.
Up to 15% of people with severe mood disorders will die by suicide. As schizophrenia is relatively uncommon compared to depression, suicide present 2-3% of all cases (but the rate in schizophrenia is still high, up to 10%).
A number of social and medical factors are associated with suicide. They are extremely important to recognize and will be listed below:
Factors associated with suicide:
- Male gender
- Older age - the greatest risk is in men over 75
- Previous attempts (past history of DSH) - up to 30% of people who commit suicide have attempted suicide before.
- Mental illness-present in 90%, mainly depressive disorders (70%)
- Divorced, single or widowed
- Bereavement - in particular loss of spouse
- Social isolation
- Living in urban environment (i.e. cities)
- Physical ill-health- chronic, painful and life-threatening illnesses
- Unemployment - the rate increases with duration of unemployment and is also raised in the wives of unemployed men.
The above are not necessarily causes of suicide and are not present in all cases, but it is useful to bear them in mind when assessing a patient who may be at risk of committing suicide.
The causes and motivation for DSH vary enormously. Three groups may be identified; although three there is considerable overlap:
- Failed suicide attempt. These individuals are likely to be similar to those who succeed in the attempt but fail to die. They are at high risk of repeating the attempt, with fatal results. They are likely to have a mental illness.
- Impulsive self harm, with ambivalence about the wish to die. Often an overdose is taken immediately after a stressful event, with no advance planning and help is sought quickly. There may be a genuine wish to die at the time of the act or lack of concern about the outcome. Often there is no real suicidal intent at all, but instead an attempt to cope with difficult situation by gaining attention, self punishment or manipulation of others. The characteristic of such individuals are quite different from those with serious suicide intent. They are unlikely to be mentally ill and tend to be young and females (see above box - DSH).
- Repeated self harm with no suicide intent. There are a small group of individuals who repeatedly act on impulses to harm themselves, most often by cutting their arms (see later) superficially or taking small overdoses. This behaviour is usually due to a severe personality disorder.
Assessing suicide risk:
Suicide risk is not easily quantifiable and can fluctuate. Risk is not an all or nothing phenomenon, it is dynamic. Bio-psycho-social factors play an interactive role; saying that; all doctors should be able to carry on a suicide risk.
Some patients will describe suicidal thoughts, accompanied by a plan to put the thoughts into action, and a definite intention to act on the plan. They clearly have high risk of committing suicide and urgent action is required. However, it is not usually this clear cut. Thoughts of suicide may be resisted because of an awareness of the impact of suicide on family or because of religious beliefs. This resistance will vary with changes in severity of the mental illness. For examples, with worsening of the depressive disorder a mother may move from resisting suicide for the sake of her children to feeling that they would be better off without her. Similar example could be applied to religious individuals. It is therefore important to reassess suicide risk in vulnerable patients at frequent intervals (taking full psychiatric and physical history, psychiatric (scales) and physical investigations, looking for risk factors)
Asking about suicide:
Asking about suicide is a skill that requires practice and professionalism. It has to be in a sensitive way without raising the anxiety in both patient and doctor. In general asking about suicide does not make the patient suicidal or increase the risk.
There are many ways of asking about suicide, and one should find a form of questioning that feel comfortable with and then use it routinely, with modification depending on the circumstances.
Assessment following DSH:
The aim here is to assess the suicidal risk following the DSH, determine whether a mental illness is present and develop a management plan that will ensure the patient's safety.
The following ‘common sense' approach is useful considering whether the DSH was a serious attempt at suicide. The questions should include:
- Ø Events preceding the act (before the attempt):e.g. why did they harm themselves? Was there a single incident or a buildup of stressors? Was the attempt planned? How much details were put to the plan? etc.
- Ø The act itself (during the attempt):e.g. what method was used? Did they intend to die? did they write a suicide note? Did they try to avoid being found? etc.
- Ø Current thoughts about suicide (after the attempt):e.g. what is their view about the attempt now? Do they wish they had succeeded? What has the reaction of friends and family? Do they think they might repeat the act? etc.
Management:
When the suicide risk assessment has been completed, a management plan can be developed (Bio-Psycho-Social approach). The priority must be to ensure the patient's safety.
Medical treatment may be needed before starting psychiatric treatment. The place of treatment should be carefully considered. Patients with high risk are likely to need admission to the safe environment of a psychiatric unit under close supervision ( level 4 in Rashid hospital). General medical ward are not safe for high risk patient, it is essential that if this was the case a constant nursing care be present.
Special group of DSH ‘multiple self-cutters':
This group of individuals raises lots of attention especially due to media attention and the nature of the act. Although ‘cutters' are heterogeneous group (i.e. they cut for different reasons). The next discussion will involve grouping these individual together.
The ‘cutter' cause great anxiety to health professionals and family alike. The characteristic of multiple self-cutters are:
- Young
- Single
- Female
- Often with a medical or nursing background or family
- Personality problems or personality disorders (usually borderline)
- Background social problems are common
- Current eating disorder or abnormal eating habits.
- Sexual problems
The attempt is made in response to threats or loss, and the following clinical features are evident:
- Increasingly intolerable feeling of depersonalization and escalating tension precede the attempt
- Multiple superficial cuts are made on writs or arms (but could be any part in the body)
- No pain is felt during the act, and there is often none for several hours
- The drawing of blood is important, and the sight of it is described as giving relieve from tension.
The complete anesthesia accompanying the cutting is one index of an extremely unusual of consciousness (flat polygraph during the episode).
Self cutters are rarely suicidal, and it has been argued the cutting is in many ways the obverse of suicide. Attempting as it does to bring the sufferer back to connection with reality from which they have found themselves uncomfortably removed. However, one should remember that serious injury and death are always a possibility.
References:
1. Stevens L, Rodin I, Psychiatry: An illustrated colour text, Churchill Livingstone 2001
2. Smith G et al. Key topics in Psychiatry. Bios scientific publisher limited, 1996.
About the Author
Prof. Saoud Al Mualla (M.B, MSC, M.D, Dip, MRCPsych)
What is Obama Stance on Taxes?
Does this sound like a genuine tax-cutter to you?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owA2geM8OGg&eurl=http://hotair.com/archives/2008/10/21/the-comprehensive-argument-against-barack-obama/
Obama is challenged by ABC News anchor Charlie Gibson at a primary debate in Pennsylvania.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WpSDBu35K-8&eurl=http://hotair.com/archives/2008/10/21/the-comprehensive-argument-against-barack-obama/
Is his tax hikes on the so-called rich are designed to "spread the wealth around," which Obama explains is "good for everybody." ?
Obama presents himself as a tax-cutter. Even though he’s voted dozens of times to raise taxes, he assures Americans that 95% of us will have our taxes slashed under his plan. The Wall Street Journal isn’t buying it.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122385651698727257.html
he is not and never will be a tax cutter. That is his campaign rhetoric to fraud his way into the white house. The average working person is going to become a slave of the state to "spread the wealth". the definition of who is wealthy will change hourly.
Letter to Sir Alec Bedser sealed the bond between Ashes friends and rivals
The last time Sir Alec Bedser went to Australia, three years ago, Professor Marie Bashir, the Governor of New South Wales, hosted a lunch for him in Government House overlooking Sydney Harbour, where some of his old Ashes adversaries, including Arthur Morris, Neil Harvey, Sam Loxton, Alan Davidson and Richie Benaud, gathered to say their farewells.
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