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Dark Welding
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Stick lac is the name given to the encrusted twigs of even length after they have been gathered. The stems, which are thickly covered with the exuded and coalesced scales of lac, are gathered about the time that the feeding or sucking of sap stops and before the young insects hatch out. In this condition they can be shipped or used to inoculate other trees. The spring crop is said to be used to a large extent for propagating purposes, and is not of as much importance for gathering for the market as is the autumn or winter crop.
The color of stick lac on the twigs varies from a dark red to a rather pale orange yellow. When they are used to infest new trees, the young insects come out of the cells, which form around the bodies of the mother insects, and move about until they find a place to attach themselves, and thus a new crop is started. When lac dye was valuable it was important to gather the stick lac before the departure of the young. After that time, the red fluid found in the cell of gum about the female insect's body disappears.
The stick lac or gum-covered twigs that are broken into sticks of even lengths, and the particles which fall to the ground in fragments under the trees, are gathered by using precision measurements tools such as a steel tape measure or other unique tape measures at some place where the resin can be crushed. Frequently this is done in a mill similar to that used for breaking up grain. By sifting and sorting, the fragments of wood and the bodies of the insects are removed and the crude lac, then called seed lac, is washed in hot water.
A purple or reddish dye, which was quite valuable before the recent discoveries in aniline and other coal tar colors, is removed by washing and is known as lac dye. This dye, at one time more valuable than shellac itself, was supposed to be the same as cochineal, but chemists finally discovered that it contains a different acid. In manufacturing shellac the dried seed lac is mixed with orpiment (arsenic sulphide) to the extent of 0.05 to 0.25 percent, and also with varying small amounts of rosin, an adulterant that is much cheaper than shellac gum and does not seem to be harmful up to 3 to 5 percent, but which is very advantageous to the workmen because it makes the melting of the seed lac much easier.
The mixture is then placed in long thin cotton bags, which are about the size of a baseball-bat, except that sometimes they are nearly 20 feet long. When the bags are heated over a charcoal fire and twisted in opposite directions by two men, the melted resin oozes out thru the meshes of the cloth and is scraped off and spread out over a large porcelain cylinder containing cold water. After cooling, the sheets of shellac are removed from the cylinder and stretched into thinner sheets several feet square in size with unique tape measures such as logger measure tapes or basic pocket tape measures if nothing else is on hand.
While the resin is being squeezed from the bags some of it drops to the ground, and makes little flakes known as button lac. The buttons are usually of a dark ruby color and when sold on the market they frequently have from 10 to 20 percent of rosin mixed with the shellac gum, thus cheapening it. Garnet lac is another grade which is sold in sheets and is said to have had the shellac wax largely removed. This grade on the market, however, generally has from 10 to 20 percent of rosin mixed with it to reduce the cost and to lower its fusion temperature.
Garnet lac is often made from the residue which will not squeeze out of the bags. The shellac gum is removed from the impurities by the use of alcohol or sodium carbonate solution. After filtering, the solvent is liberated, or acid is used to destroy the alkali. Stick lac in its crude form is not pure shellac-gum, and is said to contain about 66 percent of lac resin, six per cent shellac-wax, six per cent gluten, and eleven percent coloring-matter. Shellac wax is not soluble in alcohol and, if present in liquid shellac, it is the cause of its turbid appearance.
Allison Ryan is a freelance marketing writer specializing in home remodeling and woodworking. For a variety of logger measure tapes or for the ideal steel tape measure, stop by http://www.ustape.com/.
The Chinese Art of Cloisonné
Cloisonné is a unique combination of copper and porcelain working skills, traditional painting, sculpting, and etching skills. Originating in Beijing during the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), cloisonné is an intricate process that requires many years of training for an artisan to master.
Cloisonné underwent a major change during the Ming Dynasty around 1426-1456 when a blue enamel was discovered, which gives cloisonné its gorgeous look, and is still used today. Ming Dynasty cloisonné is considered the most intricate.
Cloisonné pieces can be found in large objects, such as vases and other large utensils and decorative items, as well as small items like earrings, bracelets, chopsticks, or jars.
The Making of a Masterpiece
When visiting China, be sure to visit a cloisonné factory. It's an experience you won't soon forget. Cloisonné requires many hours of pain-staking labor, and Chinese artisans have mastered the entire process. It's amazing to watch each of the artisans in deep concentration creating these beautiful pieces.
Step 1: Cloisonné Design
The first step in creating one of these lustrous cloisonné pieces is to create the design. Artists draw the design on a piece of paper, which is then handed off to the next artisan in the process.
Step 2: Base Hammering
In this step, copper sheets are hammered on to an enamel piece, whether it is a large vase or a small bracelet. The seams are sealed with copper solder and then the piece is put into a stove to weld it. This is a time-consuming step and must be done perfectly to achieve the desired effect.
Step 3: Copper Wire Curving
Unbeknownst to most people, cloisonné is not constructed of a single piece of enamel. It is constructed instead of hundreds, and sometimes thousands of small copper wires glued to the copper base. Workers shape a small red copper wire to make the design as the designer has instructed. These small, intricate designs can be birds, flowers, or any of hundreds of other types of designs. The wires are attached using small tweezers and pliers. The copper wires are then pasted on the surface of the copper body. Then another worker puts silver solder between the red copper wire and the red copper body. The piece is then put in the stove where the copper wires are welded onto the base.
Step 4: Enamel Filling
When cooled, workers polish the piece and then fill in the wire design with enamel materials according to the color design. Workers sit in front of a table using a small suction pipe to suck the enamel from the colored dishes into the pipe.
After filling the wires with enamel, workers absorb any remaining moisture with cotton. The piece is then put in a kiln for the first firing. During the firing process, the enamel shrinks. So when cooled, workers fill with more materials and fire again. This entire process is repeated three times until the enamel completely fills the copper wires.
Step 5: Polishing
The final step in this involved process is polishing. Workers use emery stone to polish the cloisonné until it is very smooth. They even up the color enamel material with the copper wire. If there are places where the enamel doesn't quite match evenly with the copper wires, more enamel is added and the piece is fired again. The polishing process will begin again. Then a soft yellow stone is used to grind off any larger imperfections. Charcoal is used last to grind the piece to a high sheen.
Creating the gorgeous cloisonné pieces we see today takes time, patience, and ingenuity. Regardless of the type of cloisonné piece that you have, it is sure to add beauty and elegance to your home or office.
About the Author
how much truth is there in this mith?
people tend to watch a solar eclipse through dark glasses, especially through a dark welding glass. It is said that if not, you could go blind. It is also said that pregnant women shouldn't watch it. Is it all baloney or is there some truth in that?
no, but after some time, the light is so dim, that you can watch it with the naked eye. Also about the pregnant women, it is said that id they do, the child can go blind (?!?!?!)
actually, one CAN watch at the sun directly, probably not for a long time, but one does can... they still won't answer my question
The uncovered sun is too bright. It would burn the retina. Once the sun is mostly blocked by the moon, it's not too bright to look at.
There is absolutely no connection between what a mother looks at and her unborn child's eyes. That is bologna.
De Beque authorities searching for armed, dangerous robbery suspects
The foreman of a De Beque welding company narrowly escaped being shot after he walked into a burglary in progress.
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