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My son loves the movie "The Fantastic Mr. Fox". I mean he really loves it. We ended up having to buy it and so far he has watched it five times and quotes from it liberally. As I have watched this movie with him my mind tends to wander as it is prone to do to Product Lifecycle Management and what parallels can be illustrated from the movie. In the movie Mr. Fox (voiced by George Clooney) is forced to compromise his true nature and attempt to fit in to a role not suited for him. Originally he is a predator and is very happy pilfering farms and such to maintain his lifestyle but a female fox (isn't it always the case) persuades him to change his wild ways and settle down and raise his family. Mr. Fox ends up leading a life that is not quite right and he moves his family into a tree and ends up breaking his promise to his wife and getting cross ways with three farmers. Chaos ensues and eventually Mr. Fox realizes that he needs balance and pursues a life more suited to his nature. As usual you may be wondering what in the world this has to do with PLM software. I recently read an article by Jim Brown from Tech Clarity espousing the virtues of SAP's PLM Module and I have observed several other companies attempting to transform themselves from their base DNA and can't help but wonder if they like Mr. Fox are attempting to fit into a role not ideally suited for them. This blog will review the perils of trying to be something you are not.
From a corporate IT perspective and from certain vendor perspectives including Oracle and SAP having a single platform for product development is very appealing. Both SAP and Oracle have attempted to create their own PLM solutions as companion technology for their Enterprise Resource Planning systems. Eventually Oracle realized that they were not accomplishing their objectives with their own PLM initiatives and acquired Agile Software. I suspect at some point SAP may reach the same conclusion although they haven't been as aggressive from an acquisition perspective but then again who has? The discussion of the overlap has been handled thoroughly by Peter Strookman and Oleg Shilovistsky so there really isn't a point in rehashing this discussion. I think the point is that there is a fundamental difference between PLM and ERP and unless you have a deep understanding of the process and have architected your solution from the ground up to address it you will struggle. The struggles will be subtle but they will definitely put you at a disadvantage versus dedicated PLM solutions. Acquisition allows you to gain both technology and resources that are fully committed. I am still waiting to hear about a truly successful situation where a complex product development organization is using one platform to manage mechanical CAD, electrical cad, software, change management, quality and ERP all on the same system. Oracle has probably come the closest but as we have discussed in previous blogs managing CAD WIP and Configuration Management on the same system can be tough. It's getting better but for complex CAD environments it still can be tough.
I think the same thing can be said for CAD companies trying to change their DNA into Enterprise software companies. PTC has made some key acquisitions that have expanded their footprint. But their close tie to engineering can be both a blessing and a curse. There is still a debate about how much CAD information the rest of the enterprise really needs access to and the price that is paid in performance and complexity. As companies like PTC, Dassault, and Siemens compete with SAP and Oracle they will continue to try and extend their reach but is this in the best interest of their customers? Many of the clients of these companies are quite content with their current footprint. When companies like PTC and Dassault start to expand their reach it creates conflict with their customers. Many already have systems in place and struggle with the overlap. PTC is currently dealing with this issue as the attempt to phase out their old CAD data management platform Intralink and replace it with PDMlink. Even though they offer a CAD only version of the solution it is still their enterprise platform. Acquisition is not always the answer either. Dassault is still in a state of flux after their purchase of MatrixOne. They have designated E-Matrix as the PLM platform of the future but still do not have a clear upgrade path from current solutions. Siemens is wrestling with their own assimilation but from the sounds of Jim Brown's recent column they have made great strides. However the jury is still out on how this will roll out to their customer base and how difficult the upgrade process will be.
Ultimately like Mr. Fox we have companies struggling with their identity and the struggle affects others. In Mr. Fox's case his family and friends lives were thrown into turmoil. Customers for these companies struggle with upgrades, retraining and redundancy as their vendors try to grab more and more of the product development pie. Competitors try to make hay as their rivals decide which direction they should go and in the end the chaos cost everyone. The lesson we should learn is to understand your core competency and focus on it. Be true to yourself as a company and try to avoid overreaching. There is enough room for multiple vendors providing best in class solutions. Today's technology is built on platforms that can lend to integration if PLM, CAD and ERP vendors cooperate. As Mr. Fox learned trying to be something you're not has consequences. Hopefully we can all learn to play to our strengths and avoid the dangers of angry farmers or product developers.
Stephen Porter is Founder and CEO of Zero Wait-State. He is responsible for developing the corporate identity and all marketing and sales strategies for Zero Wait-State. He spearheaded the companies acceptance into the University of Texas' Austin Technology Incubator. He worked with technical resources at Zero Wait-State to develop technologies for the industry and has sold these solutions to clients including Goodyear, Dell, Raytheon, Paccar, Cisco, and Harris Corporation. He has developed strategic alliances with companies like Oracle, Dassault and Parametric Technology and resold substantial amounts of software to a customer base through the country. He has used his knowledge of the industry and interpersonal abilities to maintain and grow a viable organization through some very challenging economic trends. Read more from Stephen Porter at http://www.zerowait-state.com/blog
In-depth Tutorial on Linear Position Sensors (LVDTs)
What is An LVDT?
The letters LVDT are an acronym for Linear Variable Differential Transformer, a common type of electromechanical transducer that can convert the rectilinear motion of an object to which it is coupled mechanically into a corresponding electrical signal. LVDT linear position sensors are readily available that can measure movements as small as a few millionths of an inch up to several inches, but are also capable of measuring positions up to ±20 inches (±0.5 m).
The transformer's internal structure consists of a primary winding centered between a pair of identically wound secondary windings, symmetrically spaced about the primary. The coils are wound on a one-piece hollow form of thermally stable glass reinforced polymer, encapsulated against moisture, wrapped in a high permeability magnetic shield, and then secured in a cylindrical stainless steel housing. This coil assembly is usually the stationary element of the position sensor.
The moving element of an LVDT is a separate tubular armature of magnetically permeable material called the core, which is free to move axially within the coil's hollow bore, and mechanically coupled to the object whose position is being measured. This bore is typically large enough to provide substantial radial clearance between the core and bore, with no physical contact between it and the coil.
In operation, the LVDT's primary winding is energized by alternating current of appropriate amplitude and frequency, known as the primary excitation. The LVDT's electrical output signal is the differential AC voltage between the two secondary windings, which varies with the axial position of the core within the LVDT coil. Usually this AC output voltage is converted by suitable electronic circuitry to high level DC voltage or current that is more convenient to use.
Why Use An LVDT?
LVDTs have certain significant features and benefits, most of which derive from its fundamental physical principles of operation or from the materials and techniques used in its construction.
Friction-Free Operation
One of the most important features of an LVDT is its friction-free operation. In normal use, there is no mechanical contact between the LVDT's core and coil assembly, so there is no rubbing, dragging or other source of friction. This feature is particularly useful in materials testing, vibration displacement measurements, and high resolution dimensional gaging systems.
Infinite Resolution
Since an LVDT operates on electromagnetic coupling principles in a friction-free structure, it can measure infinitesimally small changes in core position. This infinite resolution capability is limited only by the noise in an LVDT signal conditioner and the output display's resolution. These same factors also give an LVDT its outstanding repeatability.
Unlimited Mechanical Life
Because there is normally no contact between the LVDT's core and coil structure, no parts can rub together or wear out. This means that an LVDT features unlimited mechanical life. This factor is especially important in high reliability applications such as aircraft, satellites and space vehicles, and nuclear installations. It is also highly desirable in many industrial process control and factory automation systems.
Overtravel Damage Resistant
The internal bore of most LVDTs is open at both ends. In the event of unanticipated overtravel, the core is able to pass completely through the sensor coil assembly without causing damage. This invulnerability to position input overload makes an LVDT the ideal sensor for applications like extensometers that are attached to tensile test samples in destructive materials testing apparatus.
Single Axis Sensitivity
An LVDT responds to motion of the core along the coil's axis, but is generally insensitive to cross-axis motion of the core or to its radial position. Thus, an LVDT can usually function without adverse effect in applications involving misaligned or floating moving members, and in cases where the core doesn't travel in a precisely straight line.
Separable Coil And Core
Because the only interaction between an LVDT's core and coil is magnetic coupling, the coil assembly can be isolated from the core by inserting a non-magnetic tube between the core and the bore. By doing so, a pressurized fluid can be contained within the tube, in which the core is free to move, while the coil assembly is unpressurized. This feature is often utilized in LVDTs used for spool position feedback in hydraulic proportional and/or servo valves.
Environmentally Robust
The materials and construction techniques used in assembling an LVDT result in a rugged, durable sensor that is robust to a variety of environmental conditions. Bonding of the windings is followed by epoxy encapsulation into the case, resulting in superior moisture and humidity resistance, as well as the capability to take substantial shock loads and high vibration levels in all axes. And the internal high-permeability magnetic shield minimizes the effects of external AC fields.
Both the case and core are made of corrosion resistant metals, with the case also acting as a supplemental magnetic shield. And for those applications where the sensor must withstand exposure to flammable or corrosive vapors and liquids, or operate in pressurized fluid, the case and coil assembly can be hermetically sealed using a variety of welding processes.
Ordinary LVDTs can operate over a very wide temperature range, but, if required, they can be produced to operate down to cryogenic temperatures, or, using special materials, operate at the elevated temperatures and radiation levels found in many nuclear reactors.
Null Point Repeatability
The location of an LVDT's intrinsic null point is extremely stable and repeatable, even over its very wide operating temperature range. This makes an LVDT perform well as a null position sensor in closed-loop control systems and high-performance servo balance instruments.
Fast Dynamic Response
The absence of friction during ordinary operation permits an LVDT to respond very fast to changes in core position. The dynamic response of an LVDT sensor itself is limited only by the inertial effects of the core's slight mass. More often, the response of an LVDT sensing system is determined by characteristics of the signal conditioner.
Absolute Output
An LVDT is an absolute output device, as opposed to an incremental output device. This means that in the event of loss of power, the position data being sent from the LVDT will not be lost. When the measuring system is restarted, the LVDT's output value will be the same as it was before the power failure occurred.
How does an LVDT work?
The LVDT's primary winding, P, is energized by a constant amplitude AC source. The magnetic flux thus developed is coupled by the core to the adjacent secondary windings, S1 and S2 . If the core is located midway between S1 and S2 , equal flux is coupled to each secondary so the voltages, E1 and E2 , induced in windings S1 and S2 respectively, are equal. At this reference midway core position, known as the null point, the differential voltage output, (E1 - E2 ), is essentially zero.
If the core is moved closer to S1 than to S2 , more flux is coupled to S1 and less to S2 , so the induced voltage E1 is increased while E2 is decreased, resulting in the differential voltage (E1 - E2). Conversely, if the core is moved closer to S2 , more flux is coupled to S2 and less to S1 , so E2 is increased as E1 is decreased, resulting in the differential voltage (E2 - E1).
The top graph shows how the magnitude of the differential output voltage, EOUT, varies with core position. The value of EOUT at maximum core displacement from null depends upon the amplitude of the primary excitation voltage and the sensitivity factor of the particular LVDT, but is typically several volts RMS. The phase angle of this AC output voltage, EOUT, referenced to the primary excitation voltage, stays constant until the center of the core passes the null point, where the phase angle changes abruptly by 180 degrees, as shown in the middle graph.
This 180 degree phase shift can be used to determine the direction of the core from the null point by means of appropriate circuitry. This is shown in the bottom graph, where the polarity of the output signal represents the core's positional relationship to the null point. The figure shows also that the output of an LVDT is very linear over its specified range of core motion, but that the sensor can be used over an extended range with some reduction in output linearity. The output characteristics of an LVDT vary with different positions of the core. Full range output is a large signal, typically a volt or more, and often requires no amplification. Note that an LVDT continues to operate beyond 100% of full range, but with degraded linearity.
LVDTs and their support electronics
Although an LVDT is an electrical transformer, it requires AC power of an amplitude and frequency quite different from ordinary power lines to operate properly (typically 3 V rms at 3 kHz). Supplying this excitation power for an LVDT is one of several functions of LVDT support electronics, which is also sometimes known as LVDT signal conditioning equipment.
Other functions include converting the LVDT's low level AC voltage output into high level DC signals that are more convenient to use, decoding directional information from the 180 degree output phase shift as an LVDT's core moves through the null point, and providing an electrically adjustable output zero level.
A variety of LVDT signal conditioning electronics is available, including chip-level and board-level products for OEM applications as well as modules and complete laboratory instruments for users.
The support electronics can also be self-contained, as in the DC-LVDT shown here. These easy-to-use position transducers offer practically all of the LVDT's benefits with the simplicity of DC-in, DC-out operation. Of course, LVDTs with integral electronics may not be suitable for some applications, or might not be packaged appropriately for some installation environments.
Macro Sensors offers an extensive line of LVDTs including AC- and DC-operated versions, linear and rotary sensors, free core and spring-loaded technology, hermetically sealed and high temperature resistance units as well as custom products. Macro Sensors’ extensive line of LVDT-based linear and rotary sensors are used for linear position measurement and feedback in a variety of industrial applications including factory automation, motion control systems, metal fabricating, automotive assembly as well as power plants, gas/steam turbines. For a catalog of Macro Sensors complete line of LVDTS, refer to the web site at: http://www.macrosensors.com
About the Author
Macro Sensors offers an extensive line of LVDTs including AC- and DC-operated versions, linear and rotary sensors, free core and spring-loaded technology, hermetically sealed and high temperature resistance units as well as custom products. Macro Sensors’ extensive line of LVDT-based linear and rotary sensors are used for linear position measurement and feedback in a variety of industrial applications including factory automation, motion control systems, metal fabricating, automotive assembly as well as power plants, gas/steam turbines. For a catalog of Macro Sensors complete line of LVDTS, refer to the web site at: http://www.macrosensors.com
could i weld flux core on sheet metal?
Im looking to buy a welder, but have found the the highest recommend welder for sheet metal is a mig welder. In my searches I found that they run a little more pricey then a flux core welder. So my question is this, could I use a Flux core welder instead of a mig welder for sheet metal repairs on vehicles? If so what size wire would you recommend, and any other info would help.
Flux welders are designed for heavier use and are messy. They produce lots of slag and splatter. You can get one that goes both ways, but its not necessary. You can pick up a mig welder from Harbor Freight for about 100 bucks.
Eastern Utah welds vocational title to mantle
SALT LAKE CITY - When it comes to winning, CEU welders know all about it. Last weekend (March 27-28), the department sent eight students to participate in the annual Skills USA competition in Salt Lake City, and they returned ...
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