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Liquid Filling
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Several oxygen guidelines are logical and, as a matter of fact, typical. But don't take it for granted that you know everything: please refresh your knowledge. As a caregiver (or as a patient), you need to know the incredibly essential rules to having safe home oxygen tanks. Whatever you must know about your oxygen equipment must be fresh in your mind always, just in case.
From the most complex aspects to the simplest details, mistakes can happen virtually anytime, and domestic accidents are very common. Do not let your oxygen equipment become the cause of a preventable catastrophe. The primary concern of this article is the safety of the patient, caretaker or caretakers, and the home in which they live. Please take serious note of the information provided here if you use or plan to be using any kind of at - home medical oxygen equipment in the near future.
1. Be sure to use some kind of oxygen concentrator if you do not have to be concerned about filling or re-filling your oxygen tank. An oxygen concentrator will never have to be refilled. Usually it divides oxygen from nitrogen and other gasses within the air of the room or other space around it. However, as you likely know, these are not made to be portable oxygen delivery systems. Concentrated oxygen tanks are convenient, readily available, and do need to be refilled.
2. If you have liquid oxygen tanks, make sure you know exactly what to do to refill it - as well as the warnings specific to that particular piece of oxygen equipment. This recommendation is not to be taken lightly. I highly suggest that you are not only familiar with this information - but that it is memorized.
3. Liquid oxygen is also very portable. Most importantly though, if you use portable liquid oxygen in small tanks you must have a large oxygen tank available at home. You can use a large liquid oxygen tank to refill smaller tanks, and they provide the freedom you want.
4. If you have a large (as well as small) liquid oxygen tank, always be sure that your large liquid oxygen tank is full enough - and always have a back - up plan for oxygen delivery in case of an emergency. The best back - up method will likely be the one recommended by your physician.
5. If it ever occurs, contact your oxygen supplier the moment you notice any damage to your oxygen equipment.
6. Always have a portable oxygen delivery system (most likely a tank) prepared or filled in case you have to go somewhere quickly.
7. Never smoke, have sources of high temperatures, or fire of any kind near or around your oxygen equipment. Even if you do not know of any reason why you should need to - it is still highly recommended that you put up hazard signs such as 'no smoking' signs wherever your oxygen is stored.
8. Have telephone numbers handy. Keep manufacturer hotlines at home as well as away from home for 24 hour emergency assistance with your medical equipment.
If you have oxygen equipment of any kind you can not be afraid to ask if you are unsure about anything regarding use or safety. Always consult the manufacturer, pharmacist (or provider) and / or your doctor if you have any questions whatsoever. Even if you feel strange asking what you believe are simple questions, you must know the answers.
In addition to the information I have provided here, you must follow the doctor's and manufacturers' instructions and know them as well as you know each of the guidelines provided above. You can prevent any potential complications with life - saving equipment such as oxygen tanks. Medical science and advanced medical equipment can certainly improve a patient's life - but only if the possible complications are carefully avoided.
Anne Clarke writes numerous articles for websites on gardening, parenting, fashion, and the environment. Her background includes home décor and gardening. For more of her articles on health care, please visit oxygenequipment.net, supplier of high quality Pulse Oximeters and Oxygen Equipment
Awareness of Oxygen Depletion in Liquid Nitrogen Applications
All I need is the air that I breathe….
Like most living organisms, humans have a few basic requirements for sustaining life – and sadly beer and curry are actually not on that list! Oxygen is essential for life and our requirements are actually quite specific and relate to the atmosphere that we as a species have developed in. Any depletion of the oxygen level in air must be treated with concern, and as a minimum the concentration in the workplace should be maintained above 19.5%. Crucially, atmospheres containing less than 18% oxygen are potentially dangerous and suitable protection methods should be adopted (e.g. the use of breathing apparatus).
Asphyxiation as a result of oxygen depletion can take place on a gradual or sudden basis, depending upon the extent of the depletion. It is a little known fact that inhalation of a gas containing virtually no oxygen can result in immediate unconsciousness and rapid death. The symptoms associated with oxygen depleted atmospheres are detailed in Table 1.
Table 1 - Asphyxia Symptoms for Low Oxygen Levels
% Oxygen Content of Air & Signs and Symptoms of Asphyxia
18% - 19.5% - May affect physical and intellectual performance without person’s knowledge.
15% - 18% - Decreased ability to work strenuously. May impair co-ordination and may induce symptoms in persons with coronary, pulmonary, or circulatory problems.
12% - 15% - Respiration deeper, increased pulse rate, and impaired co-ordination, perception and judgment.
10% - 12% - Further increase in rate and depth of respiration, further increase in pulse rate, performance failure, giddiness, poor judgment, blue lips.
8% - 10% - Mental failure, nausea, vomiting, fainting, ashen face, blue lips.
6% - 8% - Loss of consciousness within a few minutes, resuscitation possible if carried out immediately.
0% - 6% - Loss of consciousness almost immediate, death ensues, brain damage even if rescued.
Liquid nitrogen – the great cryogen
Liquid nitrogen (LIN) is used in extensively across the World, particularly for its excellent cryogenic properties. Produced from the liquefaction of air, it is colourless, odourless and exists at temperature of -196oC at atmospheric pressure. Liquid nitrogen is the preferred method of cryogenic storage, for example in the preservation of biological samples, as unlike electrical freezers it relatively cheap to purchase, does not rely on electricity (and is not susceptible to electrical outages) and has low running costs. It is supplied via specialised road tanker into insulated storage vessels, ranging from non-pressurised dewars and desks flasks to pressurised tanks for mobile or static storage.
Liquid nitrogen is also very safe under normal usage and many people associate the extreme cold temperature as the main source of risk. However, when Liquid Nitrogen evaporates (e.g. through spillage) it undergoes a large volume expansion as it returns to the gaseous form – one litre of liquid nitrogen produces approximately 680 litres of nitrogen gas! This expansion ratio will quickly displace the atmosphere within a confined space and can cause oxygen depletion if control measures are not in place.
To find out more about Liquid Nitrogen, go to CryoService pages on: Liquid Nitrogen
Providing early warning
Whilst fully-integrated “cryorooms” are discussed later, one of the most critical aspects of safety awareness and enhancement in these applications is the correct use of gas detection equipment, in the form of oxygen depletion monitoring
A typical oxygen depletion monitor consists of an electrochemical sensor which generates a small electrical signal in proportion to the concentration of oxygen present. This sensor signal is then amplified to display the oxygen level on either a portable or fixed-point instrument. Oxygen sensors are typically calibrated in air (having first been zeroed using 100% nitrogen) so that 20.9% volume oxygen is displayed in clean-air environments. Oxygen depletion alarms are usually set at 19% and 17% volume.
Portable instruments are typically worn on breast pockets (ie within the vicinity of the breathing zone) to provide protection to personnel. Staff working within an area where an oxygen depletion risk exists are trained to evacuate immediately in the event of their portable monitor producing a low oxygen alarm.
Fixed-point oxygen monitoring systems utilise one or more oxygen sensors installed in the vicinity of potential nitrogen leak sources (ie near vessels, flanges, valves etc), which are connected to a control panel. The sensors permanently monitor the area, and the control panel displays the gas levels and provides alarms in the event of a sensor reporting a reduced concentration of oxygen. Control panels can also be used to take executive actions such as closing solenoid valves to prevent further nitrogen releases. Fixed systems provide the significant advantage of warning of a reduced level of oxygen before personnel enter an area.
To understand more about oxygen depletion system, visit the Crowcon gas detectors site at Crowcon.com
Case Study – “Workers at one of the UK's largest vacuum test chambers kept safe with Crowcon gas detectors”
To protect workers from the danger of depleted oxygen levels, the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory has recently installed four Crowcon gas detectors and a Gasmaster control panel. The Gasmaster control panel displays oxygen levels in all the testing cleanrooms simultaneously on a large, LCD display, allowing full system status checks at a glance.
The Crowcon units are installed in the Assembly Integration and Verification (AIV) Facility's suite of cleanrooms, where spacecraft and satellite components are subjected to extreme temperature and vacuum conditions. The facility has a number of vacuum chambers and other testing laboratories. The largest vacuum chamber – one of the biggest in the UK – is highly versatile and can simulate near-space conditions with temperatures from -196oC to + 150 oC.
The chambers are returned to atmospheric pressure by introducing nitrogen gas. It can take up to four hours to return the largest chamber to atmospheric pressure, and if nitrogen leaked out during this time, it could result in rapid oxygen depletion in the laboratory. The oxygen sensors ensure that should this happen, the Gasmaster control panel will instantly inform controllers which detector has been activated with a visual signal such as "Vacuum chamber 1", as well as activating audible/visual alarm devices.
"Our air conditioning system changes the air up to six times an hour so if there ever was a nitrogen leak, the aircon would normally take care of it," commented technician Dave Rippington. "The Crowcon systems are really in place as part of a 'belt and braces' approach, ensuring our workers are safe in the highly unlikely event that there was both a nitrogen leak and the air-con system failed."
Best practise control measures
The main application considered here is biological sample storage within typical research, academic and hospital environments and there are effectively two infrastructures in which this product is used.
The first is the purpose-designed “cryoroom”, a dedicated facility for the storage of preserved samples and the supply of Liquid Nitrogen to them. These have generally undergone extensive design and feature best practise in risk management. Typical features of a dedicated cryoroom are:
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External storage of Liquid Nitrogen.
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A transfer pipeline for Liquid Nitrogen into the cryoroom – this is often referred to as Super Insulated Vacuum Line (SIVL) as it is highly insulated to prevent Liquid Nitrogen boil-off.
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The use of large cryogenic freezers, generally storing samples in vapour phase (reduces the amount of Liquid Nitrogen contained) with automated temperature control and auto-fill systems. The latter means that personnel do not have to be present when the freezers are being filled; and systems can operate on a time or level basis.
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An integrated fixed gas detection system, often with multiple sensors and alarms linked to a Business Management System and a safety shut off solenoid for the SIVL line to cut-off the Liquid Nitrogen supply in the event of an oxygen depletion alarm.
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A ventilation system linked to the gas detection equipment, providing increased throughput on low oxygen levels.
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A door interlock system that allows escape but prevent access in emergency conditions.
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Specialised flooring and lifting equipment.
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An extensive maintenance routine covering all aspects of the system.
The second type is where Liquid Nitrogen is used in individual laboratories from small wheeled tanks or from unpressurised dewars. Liquid Nitrogen is generally manually decanted using a hose or transfer device into small aluminium freezers with liquid phase storage.
Whilst this arrangement is not as desirable as the purpose-built cryoroom, building infrastructure issues or funding often means that it is the most pragmatic way to operate. Safety can be maximised in these situations by considering the following:
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Minimise the storage of samples in a laboratory. Many facilities retain samples for archiving purposes that will rarely if ever be used in daily operation. Several private off-site repositories have opened in the UK specifically to assist with this problem.
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Minimise the amount of Liquid Nitrogen stored in your laboratory. Can the vessels be stored in a suitable outside area, where product can be transferred into a non-pressurised dewar for topping up freezers periodically?
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The use of a phase separator (a small sintered device) on liquid nitrogen transfer hoses to minimise splashing and resultant evaporation.
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The use of gas detection to allow early warning of oxygen depletion. Consider the fitment of a “repeater” or external alarm that is visible outside the laboratory to prevent people entering in emergency conditions. Fixed monitors are preferable to personal monitors as they protect everyone in an area.
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Ensuring adequate ventilation, through LEV or similar. Remember that cold nitrogen gas is heavier than air and will accumulate in low areas such as pits or gulleys.
To find out more about cryoroom and Liquid Nitrogen freezers go to the CryoService pages on Cryogenic Freezers
About the Author
Noor Ali is the Sales and Marketing Manager for CryoService Limited; one of the key suppliers of liquid nitrogen, cryogenic storage systems and calibration gases in the UK. Noor has extensive experience of gas detection and liquid nitrogen applications, and has been involved in many turnkey cryoroom projects as well as taking an active stance with CoGDEM.
Andy Avenell is the Fixed Systems Product Manager for Crowcon Detection Instruments Ltd, a market-leading manufacturer of gas detection products. Crowcon are one of the founding members of CoGDEM; the trade association representing manufacturers and service providers who are active in the field of gas detection instrumentation and environmental monitoring apparatus
The British Compressed Gases Association represents the UK’s industrial gas sector. It provides guidance notes and codes of practise that are recognised and utilised throughout the industry. Guidance Note GN11 “The Management of Risks Associated with Reduced Oxygen Atmospheres” has extensive additional information on this topic and is available via the BCGA website www.bcga.co.uk
can anything in a white filling liquid burn skin?
i had a couple of white fillings done the other day, while i was in the chair i had a really intense itch/feeling on my face (the opposite side to which he was working) i kind of itched with my shoulder but when i got out i had really wierd marks on my face almost like burns or possibly scratches, i was wondering if i got splashed by something? the nurse was passing things over me but i had my eyes shut!! 
you need to talk to the dentist, there are some dentists who still use an etching liquid for the enamel of the teeth being filled. It sounds as if you may have been splashed by the etching liquid which is concentrated phosphoric acid. This should not be a big deal, as for the answerer who thought you had bleach solution used, she was incorrect, unless you were having your teeth bleached, or having a root canal. good luck
Sewer problems becoming a messy situation
Property owners in four municipalities in the Doylestown area will have to go through an extended planning process, which will cost them more time and money.
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