Oxygen Gas

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Oxygen Gas
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Thermco 7130 Mixer Analyzer % Oxygen in Argon Gas 115v
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Reelcraft STW3450 OLP Twin 1/4-Inch by 50-Feet Spring Driven PVC Hose Reel for Oxygen/Acetylene Gas Welding Reelcraft STW3450 OLP Twin 1/4-Inch by 50-Feet Spring Driven PVC Hose Reel for Oxygen/Acetylene Gas Welding
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Here are some more information for Oxygen Gas:
Oxygen Gas

Gas prices are getting a little bit ridiculous, so it's no surprise everyone wants to know how to convert an engine to hydrogen. Lucky for you, this is something I'm actually a bit of an expert on so I'm going to let you in on a little secret.

A couple of years ago, I was wondering how to convert an engine to hydrogen. I did a lot of research on the subject and was able to build a few small-scale prototypes but I had best success with engines that ran on gasoline AND hydrogen together. This didn't completely eliminate the need for gasoline, but I did learn how to convert an engine to hydrogen and get much better fuel economy out of it (as in nearly double).

There was still a downside to the designs I was using. Pure hydrogen gas isn't necessarily expensive but it's a little hard to get a hold of in most towns, and while there are a handful hydrogen fueling stations in the US, most are actually in Europe and Japan, so my little projects got pushed to the back burner after awhile.

Enter Spring 2007. I got a call from a colleague and he was absolutely ecstatic. I couldn't tell much what we has saying so after getting him to calm down I finally got him to blurt out "Hydrogen Hydrogen Oxygen!". Yes, for the first time my eyes were opened to HHO. HHO is a Hydrogen /Oxygen gas mixture which is combustible. Apparently he had been visiting an uncle who happened to own an HHO torch that generated HHO gas from water through an electrolysis process.

Beautiful! From there I began working on my own prototypes. The question in my mind had now changed and I found myself wondering how to convert an engine to hydrogen derived from water. Fortunately for me, it only took a little tweaking of my previous prototypes to get them running. The only problem was that I had done some major redesigning of the engines themselves to run in this manner, which cost me quite a bit to begin with.

Fast forward to 6 months ago, a call from the same colleague again sparked my interest in my old projects. This time he was also quite ecstatic, mumbling and such. I got enough out of the gibberish to hop online and what I found totally floored me. There are thousands of people that have already discovered how to convert an engine to hydrogen using this HHO gas and they were doing it for under $100, apparently with no modification of the engine and basically with nothing more than a reservoir, some wiring and tubing, and some water to generate the HHO.

Oh of course, are you ready for the secret?

I can't tell you exactly how it's done because the design is not my own, and that would be stealing! However, for your convenience I have taken the time to personally review and test the Top 3 Guides [http://www.squidoo.com/hho-fuel-kits-review] that show you step-by-step how to convert and engine to hydrogen using water. They've got the whole process so refined, you could complete the whole project in only a couple hours. If you're ready to start saving gas, please take a look [http://www.squidoo.com/hho-fuel-kits-review] at my review.

Gas Transmission Rate, Permeance and Permeation Coefficient Application Guide

Abstract: the article introduces the definitions, application scope as well as the difference and conversion relationship of 3 permeation parameters (gas transmission rate, permeance and permeation coefficient). Furthermore, it also explains the unclear situations in the international and national standards.
Key Words: permeation, transmission rate, permeance, permeation coefficient

There are some slight differences between domestic and international definitions of permeation parameters, which cause confusions in parameter concept and application. The situation will not only affect data transfer but lead to the evaluation failure to the materials. This article focuses on the analysis of the transmission rate of the permeation parametric gas, the permeance and the definition of gas permeation coefficient. The article also introduces the relationship between them and important issues in application.

Chapter One The Standard Definition Of Gas Permeation Parameter

Because carrier gas (N2) reversely transmits in the equal pressure method, the method is essentially different from the manometry method. The difference may affect method application scope and parameter definition (for example, the equal pressure method is mostly applied to oxygen gas test, but the manometry method has barely had any requirements to test gas). As a result, this article introduces the definitions of various permeation parameters according to the type of testing method.

1.1 Manometric Method

1.1.1 ASTM D1434-82

In ASTM D1434-82, there are three descriptions of permeation parameters:

1. Gas Transmission Rate (GTR): The quantity of a given gas passing through a unit of the parallel surfaces of a plastic film in unit time under the conditions of test. The SI unit of GTR is 1 mol / (m2·s).

2. Permeance (P): The ratio of the gas transmission rate to the difference in partial pressure of the gas on the two sides of the film. The SI unit of permeance is 1 mol / (m2·s·Pa).

3. Permeation (P): The product of the permeance and the thickness of a film. The SI unit of P is 1 mol / (m·s·Pa).

1.1.2 ISO 2556:2001

There is only one description of permeation parameter in ISO 2556:2001:

Gas transmission rate: The volume of gas which, under steady conditions, crosses unit area of the sample in unit time under unit pressure difference and at constant temperature. The rate is usually expressed in cm3 / m2·d·atm.

1.1.3 GB/T 1038-2000

There are two descriptions of permeation parameters in GB/T 1038-2000:

  1. permeance (Qg): The volume of gas which, under steady conditions, crosses unit area of the sample in unit time under unit pressure difference and at constant temperature. The rate is usually expressed in cm3 / m2·d·Pa.
  2. Permeation coefficient (pg): The volume of gas which, under steady conditions, crosses unit area and unit thickness of the sample in unit time under unit pressure difference and at constant temperature. The rate is usually expressed in cm3 ·cm/ m2·s·Pa.

1.1.4 Conclusion

Through the analysis of the standard definition and result unit, in GB/T 1038-2000, ASTM D1434-82 and ISO 2556:2001, the definitions of the gas permeation coefficient are the same; the expressions of the permeance are different, GB/T 1038-2000 ‘permeance (Qg)’= ASTM D1434 ’Permeance (P)’ = ISO 2556 ’Gas transmission rate’?the units could all be transformed to cm3 / m2·24h·0.1MPa.

1.2  Equal pressure method

1.2.1 ASTM D3985-05

There are three descriptions of permeation parameters:

1. Oxygen Transmission Rate (O2GTR): The quantity of oxygen gas passing through a unit area of the parallel surfaces of a plastic film per unit time under the conditions of test. The SI unit of transmission rate is the mol / (m2·s).

2. Oxygen Permeance (PO2): The ratio of the O2GTR to the difference between the partial pressure of O2 on the two sides of the film. The SI unit of permeance is the mol / (m2·s·Pa).

3. Oxygen Permeation Coefficient (P’O2): The product of the permeance and the thickness of film. The SI unit of oxygen permeation is the mol / (m·s·Pa).

1.2.2 ISO 15105-2:2003

There are two descriptions of permeation parameters in ISO 15105-2:2003:

1. Gas-transmission rate (GTR): Volume of gas passing through a plastic material, per unit area and unit time, under unit partial-pressure difference between the two sides of the material. O2GTR is the oxygen-transmission rate, expressed in moles per square metre second pascal [mol / (m2·s·Pa)]. O2GTR is generally expressed in cubic centimetres per square metre 24h [cm3 / (m2·24h)].

2. Gas permeation (P): Volume of gas passing through a plastic material of unit thickness, per unit area and unit time, under unit partial-pressure difference between the two sides of the material. P is expressed in mole metres per square metre second pascal [mol·m / m2·s·Pa].

1.2.3 GB/T 19789-2005

There are three descriptions of permeation parameters in GB/T 19789-2005:

1. Oxygen transmission rate (O2GTR): Volume of oxygen passing through a specimen material, per unit area and unit time, under test conditions. O2GTR is generally expressed in cm3 / (m2·24h).

2. Oxygen permeance (PO2): The ratio of the O2GTR to the difference between the partial pressure of O2 on the two sides of the film. The unit of permeance is the cm3 / (m2·24h·0.1MPa).

3. Oxygen Permeation Coefficient (PO2 ): The product of the permeance and the thickness of film. The unit of oxygen permeation is cm3 / (m·24h·0.1MPa).

Note: GB/T 19789-2005 has been modified to adopt ASTM D 3985-1995 Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Coulometric Sensor.

1.2.4 Conclusion

By the analysis of the standard definitions and the result units, for the equal pressure method, the definitions and units of oxygen permeation coefficient are the same in GB/T 19789-2005, ASTM D3985-05 and ISO 15105-2:2003, the only difference is that GB/T 19789-2005 translates it into oxygen permeation coefficient. Besides, the expressions of the gas permeance are different, GB/T 19789-2005 ’oxygen permeance (PO2)’= ASTM D3985-05 ‘Oxygen Permeance (PO2)’= 15105-2:2003 ‘Gas-transmission rate (GTR)’. It is noticeable that ISO 15105-2:2003 can be applied to more than oxygen permeation test, thus, it does not restrain the concept of permeation parameter in the scope of oxygen test.

Chapter Two: The Application Of Permeation Parameters

The gas permeation rate is the volume of the gas which passes through unit area of specimen in a unit time; it is determined by the barrier property of the material and the partial pressure difference between two sides of the specimen. The gas permeation rate is determined by the test conditions and the specimen itself. The permeance is only determined by the specimen itself. As to the gas permeation coefficient, it is determined by the properties of the specimen material itself.

Usually, the permeance (cm3 / m2·24h·0.1MPa) and the gas transmission rate are the only things we concern. Besides the influence of the standard definition difference, technically speaking, the gas transmission rate has been barely applied. That is because the rate is usually influenced by the gas partial pressure difference and thus unfavorable to data comparison. Moreover, some misunderstanding to the application of gas transmission rate does exist. The rate could not be applied to every material but to the even single layer material. Before application, tests of materials with varied thickness should be executed and proved to be consistent. To multi-layer materials the test of gas transmission rate is meaningless. The rate serves to design multi-layer material structures.

Chapter Three: Conclusion

Attention should be drawn to the differences in the definitions and units of permeation parameters. As to the users, the meanings of parameters of different standards shall be confirmed by comparing the result units; the parameters’ tag should not be the only thing being concerned in order to avoid confusion in data comparison and communication.

Labthink Instruments Co., Ltd.

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Tracy Bao  info@labthink.cn

Tel: 0086 531 85061153  fax:0086 531 85812140

About the Author

Labthink, the excellent provider of testing instruments and testing services, is devoted to provide most excellent and complete quality control solutions for pharmaceutical, foodstuff, cosmetics, packaging, printing, adhesive, automotive, petrochemistry, environment, biology, new energy, construction, aviation and electronic industries worldwide.

Why would a decrease of oxygen gas result from an increase in temperature?

Heat produced from factories can cause a decrease of oxygen gas in nearby water sources. Why would a decrease of oxygen gas result from an increase in temperature?

A. The water molecules break apart.
B. The surface area of the water decreases.
C. The solubility of the oxygen gas decreases.
D. The oxygen gas reacts to form new substances.

Please help, thanks!

The solubility of gas in water decreases with temperature.
Have you ever 'watched the pot' when heating tap water.
You see small gas bubbles form long before the water boils.
That's why they form.

25 dead in W.Va. mine blast, worst since 1984
A huge underground explosion blamed on methane gas killed 25 coal miners in the worst U.S. mining disaster since 1984, and rescuers on Tuesday began a dangerous and possibly futile attempt to rescue four others still missing.

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