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Steel Wire
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Here are some more information for Steel Wire:
Aerospace compression springs.
When you consider aerospace compression springs, whatever calculation method is used the spring designer does have to make a decision as to what stress to use, and this depends on the material. And that, in turn, means "what we can get". Some desirable types are just not available in reasonable quantities and others need heat treatment after winding. Most springs are wound cold, from hard wire. That hardness is achieved by repeated drawing through dies, and each drawing operation increases both the shear and tensile strength-it is work hardened. So, the shear stress we can use does depend on the wire size - in general the smaller the diameter the higher the allowable stress. This can be surprisingly high to those used to normal working stresses - the torsional YIELD point - elastic limit - of 10 thou. piano wire, for example, is nearly 200,000Ibf/sq.in. - about 1400 Newton/ sq.mm - and falls only to 140,0001bf/ sq.in. at 0.080in. die. For most duties we have to keep below this elastic limit and the usual rule for aerospace compression springs is that when it is compressed so that all coils are touching, the stress should lie just below this elastic limit.
The "regular" spring wire we get is what is known as "Patented carbon steel spring wire". The word "patented" does not refer to the patent office, but to a process applied to the steel to make it easier to draw into smaller gauges. It is typically between 0.65 and 0.75% carbon with perhaps 0.75% of manganese but no alloying content. It is available in the usual Standard Wire Gauge size but is also to be had in metric diameters.
Also fairly readily available is "Piano" or "Music" wire which, as its name implies, is intended for use in stringed instruments. It has a higher carbon content - 0.85-0.95% - to give a higher tensile strength, for, in pianos especially, the wires are very tightly stretched. The shear strength is correspondingly increased. It has the advantage (apart from higher permissible stresses) that it is available in many more sizes which come in between the s.w.g. diameters, but the disadvantage is that the higher tensile strength makes it rather more difficult to wind. Both of these carbon steel wires can be had either zinc or cadmium coated (not electroplated) before the final drawing process - the wire is drawn through the dies after coating. This not only improves corrosion resistance but also improves the fatigue performance; the soft-metal coating reduces the surface roughness which may arise when drawing, and from what I have said already you will appreciate that any surface defect on a coil spring wire is highly undesirable. (Even a thin coating of rust!)
Hard-drawn stainless steel springs are a very useful material, especially for situations where the temperature may be high or there is risk of corrosion - it can be worked up to 300 deg. C, whereas carbon steel wire is a little unhappy above 125 deg. C. It has an elastic limit in shear very slightly higher than regular carbon steel. (The working stress must, of course, be reduced when applied in hot environments). This material is expensive and not too easy to wind. Hard drawn phosphor-bronze also is non-corrosive so far as steam/water is concerned, but normally recommended for continuous use only below about 110 deg. C. It is relatively easy to obtain in a wide range of gauges or to metric dimensions.
Aerospace nickel alloy springs.
Nickel alloy springs have corrosion resistance plus superior strength and heat resistance. This grade of wire possesses high elastic qualities similar to music wire while maintaining the corrosion resistant qualities of standard stainless. Nickel alloy springs are an excellent material for all kinds of springs where long life is required under severe service conditions, providing excellent fatigue properties.
The higher prime spring material, chrome especially, vanadium steel, for example, must be heat treated after winding, as must beryllium-copper - i.e. the spring is wound in the "soft" condition and then hardened. Monel can be wound hard drawn and will safety withstand both sea-water and corrosion and temperatures up to 225deg.C.The shear elastic limit is about the same as carbon phosphor-bronze. Finally, hard-drawn 70/30 brass is a very cheap spring material for cases where mild conditions apply. It has strength properties about two-thirds of phosphor bronze and should not be used above 80 deg. C but, oddly enough, can be used at low temperatures. The most usual application of "spring brass", however, is for flat springs, especially where sharp bends may be needed.
aviation-database.com has lots of resources for the aircraft industry. The web is a vast source of information. Aviation-database collects the industry into one huge database of contacts. Aerospace compression springs are the main product Doig Springs supplies to aerospace and this article features the company.
Stainless Steel Production Increase Q3 2009
Preliminary figures released today by the International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) show that world stainless steel production decreased by 15% in the first nine months of 2009 when compared to the same period of 2008. However, production figures for the third quarter show an increase of 12.5% when compared to the same quarter in 2008.
Excluding China, stainless steel production in Asia was 5 million metric tons (mmt) in the first nine months of 2009, a decline of 23% compared to the same period of 2008. Production was reduced significantly in India and Japan while production levels remained flat in Korea and Taiwan, China.
Stainless production in China was 6.6 mmt in the first nine months of 2009, an increase of 19.1% on the same period of 2008. China now accounts for almost 37% of the world's stainless production. At the end of the third quarter of 2008, China's market share was just 26%.
The Western Europe/Africa region produced 4.6 mmt of stainless during the first nine months of 2009, a decrease of 31.5%. Production also declined in The Americas region to 1.5 mmt, a 22.9% drop on the same period of 2008. The volume of stainless produced in the Central and Eastern Europe region was just 0.2 mmt for the period, a drop of 38.2% on the previous year.
BS Stainless
- We specialise in the supply and processing of stainless steel coil and stainles steel wire.
To keep pace with the growing demand for our products we expanded our processing and distribution centre in 200, it is located just 2 minutes from J5 M65 for full location details see map We are able to offer extra processing capabilities, more diverse stock range new products and increased stock levels to over 1000 tonnes of stainless steel.
About the Author
Martin Wyatt | www.bsstainless.co.uk | BS Stainless
Steel wire is bent in the shape of white strip on the surface of tennis ball?
http://alexandersemenov.tripod.com/ya/tnsb/index.htm
Mass of the wire is 20g and radius of the (imaginary) ball is 3cm.
Axis zz' is the axis of (rotation90+reflection) symmetry, and xx' is perpependicular to zz.
Moment of inertia of the wire Izz is 130 g cm².
What is moment of inertia of the wire Ixx?
The book says that exact shape of the strip does not matter. Its group of spatial symmetry plus the fact that all the mass is equidistant from the center is sufficient.
The diagram is easy to misconstrue and I also thought at first that the x and z axes were images of each other under a symmetry operation (so that I_xx would be the same as I_zz), but looking carefully at a tennis ball, only one of the three axes has the property that a rotation about that axis followed by a reflection across the perpendicular plane is a symmetry. So that clearly defines the z axis.
One way to distinguish the xy plane from the other two is that the wire passes through it four times but just two times for each of the other two planes. (It really doesn't look that way from the picture).
Let <> brackets represent the mass weighted average of their contents, so we can write:
I_zz = M
Clearly the symmetry property of the wire requires that
M
= 2*M
= 2I_xx + I_zz
-->
I_xx = (1/2)(M r^2 - I_zz)
= (1/2)(20*9 - 130) = 25g cm^2
Research and Markets: Driving Forces of the Indian Steel Industry
DUBLIN----Research and Markets has announced the addition of the "Driving Forces of the Indian Steel Industry " report to their offering.
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